Særnordiske Ord – Scandinavian-only Words

Updated: 9.4.2015

Abbreviations used: arch. = archaic; BM = Norwegian Bokmål; dial. = dialectal; hist. = historical; MDu = Middle Dutch; ME = Middle English; MHG = Middle High German; MLG = Middle Low German; NN = Norwegian Nynorsk; ODan. = Old Danish; OE = Old English; OFris = Old Frisian; OHG = Old High German; ON = Old Norse; ONorw. = Old Norwegian; OS = Old Saxon; OSwed. = Old Swedish.

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This article aims to cover some of the better known or more interesting words in the Scandinavian languages which fulfill the following criteria:

i) Words which have no known or certain analogues or cognates in other Germanic languages, i.e. Scandinavian-only words (taking loans from Scandinavian into account!)

ii) Words which have cognate material in Germanic but which are Scandinavian neologisms

iii) Words in Scandinavian which once had direct equivalents or cognates in other Germanic languages in earlier historical times but which are now obsolete in all but Scandinavian languages

iv) Words which have surviving cognates in other Germanic languages but which have taken on uniquely Scandinavian forms or meanings

Based on my use of the etymological dictionaries, I have concluded the following:

To i) belong: aka, at, aumr, aurriði, bardagi, beiskr, brôkoter, dáligr, drengr, ekki, elska, eyma, foss, gáta, genta, gólf, grein, gríð, gríss, hánn (and hón), hefnd, herað, hitta, hjalli, hræddur, hylle (?), hægri, kasta, keyra, kjöt, kæti, logn, lundr, lyndi, lyng, lýti, lög, mjúkr, mykr, níðingr, oddi, orne, orrosta, ostr, píka, rannsaka, rán, refr, sef (?), síld, skeið, spakr, sæng, tjörn, vándr, þungr, þyngd, þyngsl.

To ii) belong: aldrigi, almenningr, angra, barsel, beizl, blána, bohagh, bóndi, bygð, býr, daggry, dagverðr, dofinn, dróttning (and also to iii), dylja, eigi, einsligr, ekkja, engi, fátækr, félagi, fjós (< fê-hûs), fóstri (?), gedda, gleyma (and also to iii), gluggr, gæða, henda, hos, hræðsla, hústrú, í mot, kensl, kerling, knörr, kráka, kvistr, leir, lúfa, lykill/nøgel, læsa, lögmaðr, mettr, nábúi, náttverðr, ok, staðna, stafkarl, steði, steik, systkin, tvilling, umboðsmaðr, vár, vitna, walmogha, þerne (?), þordyn.

To iii) belong: áss, bakki, barn (see note below), blygð, brúðhlaup, búa, draugr, dýrka, eldr, elfr, fá, fræ/frjó, fylki, galinn, gamall, geyja, gipta, gløggr, grön, haf, helvíti, hervirki, jötunn, kaupang, kona, kumbl, kveld, lágr, loðinn, læknir, myrkr, mæli, nökkurr, skegg, ský, taka, þreyttr, þræll, þúfa, þvætta, þyrnir.

To iv) belong: björn, byrja, dráp, drepa, fjall, forellrar, frá, fær, grautr, grýta, haugr, hestr, hlýða, hvíla, kaka, kelda, kjúklingr, knekkja, krefja, maki, máki, minni, mýrr, sannr, sem, skræma, smjör, sól, spyrja, stórr, styggr, trúa, tupp, úsæll, vargr, vatn, væzka, þjórr, örn.

ger(v)a, gør(v)a is difficult to assign; I could make a case for ii), iii) and iv) above.

I cannot determine the category for andboð.

*Note: Norse forms in the dialects of Shetland and Orkney (of which there are many) have been excluded since these are so little known as to be of trifling use except in special studies of those dialects. Many are listed by de Vries and some are mentioned in passing by Thorsen.

*Note: ON, Proto-Norse and Common Scandinavian forms are approximated as far as my basic font allows; not all words appear as in the etymological dictionaries.

Old Norse (or ODan., OSwed., ONorw. where noted)	meaning	Swedish	Danish	Norwegian	Icelandic	Proto-Norse or Common Scandinavian (CS) (where known)
------	dawn, daybreak	daggryning	daggry	daggry	-------	-------
------	------	tupp "cock, rooster"	-------	tupp (dial.) "rooster"	-------	-------
----------	-----------	barnsöl “christening celebration”	barsel “birth”	BM barsel NN barnsøl “christening celebration”	--------	--------
*skræma	frighten, scare	skrämma "alarm, frighten, terrify"	skræmme "alarm, frighten, terrify"	skremme "alarm, frighten, terrify"	skræma	*skrêman
aka	drive	åka	-------	ake “ride; slide”	aka
aldrigi	never	aldrig	aldrig	aldri	aldrei	*ni-aldrê-gi, CS *ne aldri gi
almenningr	common land	allmänning	alminding	allmenning	almenningur “general public”	CS *almenningR
andboð	tool, utensil	--------	-----------	---------	---------	CS *andboþ
angra	grieve, vex	ångra “regret”	angre “regret”	angre “regret”	angra “trouble, bother”
at	to (infinitive marker)	att	at	å	að	CS *at
aumr	miserable, unhappy, wretched	öm “sore, painful, tender; affectionate, fond”	øm “sore, painful, tender; affectionate, fond”	øm “sore, painful, tender; affectionate, fond”	aumur	*auma-
aurriði	salmon-trout	örad, öred (dial.)	ørred	ørret, aure; aurride (dial.)	urriði	CS *öurriþi
áss	beam; ridge	ås	ås	ås	ás	*âsaR
bakki	bank, ridge, hill	backe	bakke, banke	bakke	bakki	CS *bakki-, *banki-
bardagi	battle	------	------	bardage	bardagi
barn	child	barn	barn	barn	barn
beiskr	bitter, acrid	besk	besk	BM besk NN beisk	beiskur	*baitska-
beizl	bridle	betsel	bidsel	BM bissel, NN beisl	beisl	CS *beitsl
björn	bear	björn	bjørn	bjørn	björn	*bernu
blána	turn blue, become livid	blåna "turn blue"	blåne "turn blue"	blåne "have a bluish appearance"	blána	CS *blâna
blygð	shame	blygd	blygd (arch.) "shyness"	NN blygd "shyness"	blygð, blygðun
bohagh (OSwed.)	property	bohag "household effects"	bohave "household effects"	BM bohave "household effects"	--------	CS *bo-haga
bóndi	farmer, peasant	bonde	bonde	bonde	bóndi	*bûandi
brôkoter (OSwed.)	multicoloured, varied	---------	broget "variegated"	broket	---------	*brôkuhtu-
brúðhlaup, brullaup	wedding feast, bridal	bröllop "wedding"	bryllup "wedding"	BM bryllup NN brudlaup "wedding"	(brúðkaup)	*brûði-hlaupa
búa	live, reside	bo	bo	bo, bu	búa
bygð	colonisation; abode, inhabited region	bygd	bygd	bygd	byggð	*biggwiðô-
býr	farm; town	by "village"	by "town"	by "town, city"	býr	*bûwia-
byrja	begin	börja	----------	NN byrje; (BM begynne)	byrja
dagverðr, dögurðr	breakfast	dagvard	davre	dugurd, dagverd	dögurður	CS *dagwerþR
dáligr	bad, evil; poor, wretched	dålig	dårlig	BM dårlig NN dåleg	dáligur	*dâlîgaR, CS *dâligR
dofinn	benumbed, dead	duven "flat, stale"	doven "lazy"	doven "lazy"	dofinn	*duvina-, CS *dofinR
dráp	homicide	dråp	drab	drap	dráp	*drâpa-
draugr	dead inhabitant of a cairn, ghost	------	------	draug "ghost, spectre"	draugur
drengr	bold man; attendant; fellow	dräng "hired man"	dreng "boy, lad"	dreng "hired man; lad; bold man (arch.)"	drengur "boy, lad"	*drangiR, CS *drengR
drepa	kill, slay; beat	dräpa	dræbe	drepe	drepa
dróttning	queen	drottning	dronning	dronning	drottning	*druhtininga, CS *drôttning
dylja	conceal; disavow	dölja "conceal, hide"	dølge "conceal, hide"	BM dølge NN dølja "conceal, hide"	dylja	*duljan
dýna	pillow; feather-bed	dyna “cushion”	dyne	dyne “eiderdown”	dýna	CS *dýna
dýrka	worship	dyrka “worship”	dyrke “worship; cultivate”	dyrke “worship; cultivate”	dýrka	*diurikan
eigi	not	ej	ej	ei	eigi	*ne eigi
einsligr	single; private	enslig "solitary, lonely"	-------	BM enslig NN einsleg "solitary, alone, single"	einslegur "private"	CS *einsligR
ekki, etki	not	icke	ikke	ikke, NN ikkje	ekki	*eittki
ekkja	widow	änka	enke	BM enke NN enkje, ekkje	ekkja	*aina-kjôn, CS *enkja
eldr	fire, flame	eld	ild	eld, ild	eldur
elfr	river, stream	älv	elv	elv	elfur
elska	love	älska	elske	elske	elska
engi	no-one	ingen	ingen	ingen	enginn	*aingi
eyma	commiserate, pity	ömma “be sore, hurt”; ömma för “feel for, sympathize with”	ømme (sig) “wince;  moan”	ømme (seg) “complain,  groan”	eyma	*aumian
fá	get, receive	få	få	få	fá	*fâhan
fátækr	poor, impoverished	fattig	fattig	fattig, NN fåtøk	fátækur	*fâwitôkia-, CS *fâtøkR
félagi	companion, partner	-------	fælle	BM felle NN felage	félagi	*fehulagan-, CS *fêlagi
fjall	mountain	fjäll	fjeld	fjell	fjall
fjós	cowshed	-------	-------	fjøs	fjós	CS *fêhûs
forellrar	forefathers, ancestors	föräldrar "parents"	forældre "parents"	foreldre "parents"	foreldrar “parents”
foss, fors	waterfall	fors	fos	foss	foss
fóstri	foster-father/son/brother	----------	----------	fostre	fóstri “foster father”	CS *fôstri
frá	from	från	fra	fra, NN frå	frá	*frâ, *frân
fræ/frjó	seed	frö	frø	frø	fræ/frjó
fylki	district or county in Norway; battalion	fylke "county"	fylke "Norwegian county"	fylke "county; tribal district" (hist.)	fylki "state"
fær	sheep	får	får	får	fé	*fahaR
föðurfaðir	grandfather	---------	---------	---------	föðurfaðir	CS *föþurfaþir
galinn	enchanted, bewitched; mad, frantic	galen	gal	gal, galen	galinn "insane, daft; furious"	CS *galinR
gamall	old	gammal	gammel	gammel	gamall
gáta	riddle, puzzle	gåta	gåde	gåte	gáta
gedda	pike	gädda	gedde	gjedde	gedda	*gaiðiðôn, CS *gedda
genta	girl, lass	jänta, gänta (dial.)	-------	BM jente NN gjente "girl; housemaid"	genta
ger(v)a, gør(v)a	make, do, prepare	göra	gøre	gjøre	gera, gjøra
geyja	bark; scoff	gö	gø	BM gjø NN gøy	geygja
gipta	give away in marriage	gifta "marry"	gifte "marry"	gifte "marry"	gifta	*gebtian
gleyma	forget	glömma	glemme	BM glemme NN gløyme	gleyma	*glaumjan
gluggr	opening in a wall, window	glugg	glug	glugg, glugge	gluggi
gløggr	clear, distinct	glägg (dial.) "lively, keen"	-------	gløgg "quick-witted, sharp"	glöggur "quick-witted, sharp, discerning"
gólf	floor	golv	gulv	BM gulv NN golv	gólf	CS *golf
grautr	oatmeal, mush	gröt	grød	BM grøt, NN graut	grautur	*grautiz
grein	branch	gren	gren	gren, grein	grein	CS *greinn
gríð	intensity, vehemence; violence	(dial.) gresk, grisker "vehment, eager"	grisk, gridsk "greedy, avid"	NN gridug "dilligent, industrious", grisk "greedy"	gríð	*grîðiska-
gríss	pig, hog	gris	gris	gris	grís	*grîs, CS *grísR
grýta	pot	gryta	gryde	gryte	grýta	CS *grýta
grön	spruce, fir	gran	gran	gran	greni, grön
gæða	enrich, improve; increase	göda “fatten up; fertilize”	gøde “manure, fertilize”	gjø, NN gjøde “fatten up; fertilize”	gæða
haf	sea	hav	hav	hav	haf
haugr	hill, (grave-)mound	hög “heap, pile, stack”	høj “hillock, mound, barrow”	haug “hill, mound, barrow; heap, pile”	haugur
hánn	he	han	han	han	hann	*hânaR
hefnd	revenge, vengeance	hämnd	hævn	BM hevn NN hemn, hemd	hevnd	*hamniþô-
helvíti	hell	helvete	helvede	helvete	helvíti	--------
henda	grip with the hand; concern; happen, occur	hända “happen, occur”	hænde “happen, occur”	hende “happen, occur”	henda	*handian
herað	district	härad	herred	herred	hjerað	*harjaraða-
hervirki	ravaging, plundering	---------	hærværk “vandalism”	hærverk “plundering; vandalism”	hervirki “destruction”
hestr	horse	häst	hest	hest	hestur	*hâhistaR
hitta	hit, meet, find	hitta	hitte	hitte	hitta	*hittan
hlýða	listen to, obey	lyda "obey, listen to"	lyde "obey"	BM lye NN lyde "listen to"	hlýða
hos (OSwed.), hos (ODan.)	with, at the home of, “chez”	hos	hos	hos	----------	-----------
hón	she	hon	hun	hun	hún	*hânu
hræddr	afraid, frightened	rädd	ræd	redd	hræddur	*hrâðiða-
hræðsla	fear, fright	rädsla	rædsel	BM redsel NN redsle	hræðsla
hústrú (< húsfrú)	mistress of the house; wife	hustru "wife"	hustru "wife"	hustru "wife"	hústru (arch.) "housewife"	CS *hústrú
hvíld; hvíla	bed, place of rest; rest, repose	vila "rest, repose"	hvile "rest, repose"	BM hvile "repose, rest" NN kvile "repose, rest; bed"; BM hvil NN kvil "short rest"	hvíld; hvíla
hylle (OSwed.)	shelf	hylla	hylde	hyll	----------	*hulþiôn, CS *hylla
hægri	right (spatial)	höger	højre	høyre	hægri	comparative of *hôqia-, CS *høgri
í mot	against; in return	emot “towards; against”	imod “towards; against”	imot “towards; against”	móti	CS *î môti
jötunn	giant	jätte	jætte	jette	jötunn
kaka	cake	kaka	kage	kake	kaka	CS *kaka
kasta	throw	kasta	kaste	kaste	kasta	*kasatjan
kaupang	town, trade centre	köping	købing	kaupang	kaupangur	CS *köupangR
kelda	spring, source	källa	kilde	kilde, kjelde	kelda "piping system; waterhole; marsh"	*kaldîon
kensl, kensla	recognition, knowledge; teaching	känsel, känsla "feeling, perception, sensation"	------	kjensel "recognition; feeling, touch", kjensle "feeling, sense"	kensl
kerling	old woman	kärring "old woman; crone"	kælling "hag, crone; old woman"	kjerring "old woman"	kerling	CS *kerling
keyra	drive, ride, hunt	köra	køre	BM kjøre NN køyre	keyra	*kaurian
kiðlingr	kid, young goat	killing	---------	killing	kiðlingur	CS *kiþlingR
kjarr	brushwood, thicket	------------	----------	BM kjerr NN kjørr	kjarr
kjúklingr	chick	kyckling	kylling	kjukling, kylling	kjúklingur	*keukalinga-, CS *kjûklingR
kjöt	meat, flesh	kött	kød	kjøtt	kjöt, ket	*ketwu-
knekkja	crack, break, snap	knäcka	knække	BM knekke NN knekkje	kneikja
knörr	merchant ship	knarr (dial.)	knar (arch.)	knarr	knörr	*knarruR, CS *knörr
kona	woman; wife	kona "shrew; tart",	kone	kone	kona
kráka	crow (cf. English crake)	kråka	krage	kråke	kráka	CS *krâka
krefja	demand, claim	kräva	kræve	kreve	krefja
kumbl, kuml	sepulchral monument, cairn; badge, sign	kummel “cairn; barrow”	------	kumle (dial.) “lump”	kuml
kveld	evening	kväll	kvæld (poetic)	kveld	kvöld
kvistr	thin branch	kvist “twig”	kvist “twig”	kvist “twig”	kvistur	*kwistaR, CS *kvistR
kæti	joy, gladness	cf. kättja "lust", kåt "horny"	cf. kåd "playful, frisky, gay, wanton"	kjæte "gaiety; wantonness"; NN kåtleik "gaiety"	kæti "gaiety, fun"	CS *kâtR
lágr	low	låg	lav	lav, låg	lágur/lár	*lâga-
leir	clay, loam	ler "clay, loam"	ler "clay"	leir "clay"	leir	*laiRa
loðinn	hairy, shaggy	luden	lodden	lodden	loðinn
logn	calm, quiet, lull	lugn	lun	lugn, logn	logn	CS *lugna
lundr	grove	lund	lund	lund	lundur	*lunda-, CS *lundR
lúfa	thick, dense hair	luva "woollen cap"	lue "shaggy hat"	lue, NN luva "cap"	lúfa	*lûvô-
lykill	key	nyckel; lykil (dial.)	nøgle; løgel (jysk)	nøkkel;  lykel (dial.)	lykill	*hnukila-; *lukila-
lyndi	disposition, character	lynne "disposition, temperament"	lynd (arch.), lynne (loan from Swed.)	BM lynne NN lynde "disposition, temperament"	lyndi
lyng	heather	ljung	lyng	lyng	lyng	*lingwa-
lýti	fault, defect, disgrace	lyte "fault, defect, blemish"	lyde "fault, defect, blemish, stain"	lyte "fault, defect, blemish"	lýti
læknir	doctor, physician	läkare	læge	lege	læknir
læsa	lock	låsa	låse	BM læse NN låse	læsa
lög	law	lag	lov	lov	lög	*lagu-, CS *lög
lögmaðr	lawyer; lawspeaker	lagmann "chief district judge"	lovmand (hist.) "lawman"	------	lögmaður "solicitor; barrister"	---------
maki	female mate	make "mate, match; husband, spouse"	mage "mate, match, equal; spouse"	make "mate, match, equal; spouse"	maki "spouse, equal"
máki (ONorw.)	seagull	måk(e) (dial.)	måge	måke	-------	*mâwakan, CS *mâki
mál	speech, language	mål “speech; dialect”	mål “dialect”	mål	mál	CS *mâl
mettr	satisfied, full, sated	mätt	mæt	mett	mettur	CS *mettR
minni	memory	minne	minde	minne	minni
mjúkr	soft	mjuk	myg	myk, mjuk	mjúkur	CS *miûkR
mykr	dung	---------	møg	BN møkk NN møk	mykja “cow dung”	CS *mykR
myrkr	darkness	mörker	mørke	mørke, NN myrker	myrkur	*merkwiR
mýrr	marsh, boggy heath	myr	myr (dial., literary)	myr, (dial.) myra	mýri	CS *mýrR
mæli	speech, utterance	(genmäle "reply, retort")	mæle "speech, voice, utterance"	mæle "speech, voice"	mæli "voice; reputation"	*mâlia-
nakkvarr, nökkurr	some, someone	någon	nogen	noen, NN nokon	nokkur	Contraction of *ne wait ek hwariR (lit. "I know not whom")
nábúi	neighbour	nabo	nabo	nabo	nábúi	*nâwabûan-
náttverðr, nátturðr	supper	nattvard	nadver	nattverd	náttverður	*nahtuwerþuR, CS *nattwerþR
níðingr	dastard, niggard	niding	nidding	niding	níðingur	CS *nîþingR
oddi	headland; odd number	udde	odde	odde	oddi	*uzðan-
ok	and; but; also	och “and”	og “and”	og “and”	og “also, and”
orne (OSwed.)	boar	orne	orne	---------	-------	Perhaps *urRn
orrosta	battle	-------	-------	-------	orrusta	CS *orrosta
ostr	cheese	ost	ost	ost	ostur	*iustaR
píka	girl, lass	piga (hist.) "serving wench, maid"	pige	pike	píka "vulva"
rannsaka	investigate a house	rannsaka	ransage	ransake	rannsaka	*raznasakan, CS *rannsaka
rán	robbery, plunder	rån	ran	ran	rán	CS *rân
refr	fox	räv	ræv	rev	refur	*reþa-, CS *refR
reyna	try, test	röna	-------	reyne, røyne	reyna
rotinn	rotten	rutten	rådden	BM råtten NN roten	rotinn	*rutana, CS *rotinR
rotna	rot	ruttna	rådne	BM råtne NN rotne	rotna	*rutanôn
sannr	true; proper	sann	sand	sann	sannur	*sanþa
sef	rush	säv	siv	siv, sev	sef	*síva-
sem	as; who, which, that	som	som	som	sem
síld	herring	sill	sild	sild	síld	*sîlðô
skegg	beard	skägg	skæg	skjegg	skegg	CS *skegg
skeið	longboat, galley	---------	---------	---------	-------	CS *skeiþ
skipti	division; shift, change	skifte "change; distribution; partition"	skifte "shift, change; admin. division"	skifte "change, shift"	skipti
skógr	forest, wood	skog	skov	skog	skógur	CS *skogR
ský	cloud	sky	sky	sky	ský	*skeuja
smjör, smør	butter	smör	smør	smør	smjör
sól	sun	sol	sol	sol	sól
spakr	wise; quiet, gentle	spak "docile; quiet"	spag "meek, submissive; mild"	spak "meek, submissive; mild"	spakur	CS *spakR
spyrja	ask	spörja	spørge	spørre	spyrja
staðna	stop, pause	stanna "halt, stop"	stadne (arch.)	stane (dial.) "halt, stop"	staðna
stafkarl	beggar	stackare “wretch”	stakkel “wretch”	stakkar “wretch”	stafkarl	*stavakarla-, CS *stafkarl
steði	anvil	städ	-------	ste	steðji	*staþjan
steik	steak, roast	stek	steg	steik	steik	CS *steik
stórr	large, big	stor	stor	stor	stór
styggr	shy; angry, abrupt	stygg “bad; ugly”	styg “bad, nasty; ugly”	stygg “bad; ugly”	styggur	*stugja
systkin	sibling	syskon	søsken	søsken, systkin	systkin	*swestrigîn, CS *systkin
sæng	bed	säng	seng	seng	sæng	*sâwinga-, CS *sêing
taka	take	ta, taga	tage	ta	taka	*tâkan
tjörn	pond, small lake	tjärn	(dial.) tjærn	tjern, tjørn	tjörn	perhaps *terhnô
trúa	believe	tro	tro	tro, tru	trúa
tvilling	twin	tvilling	tvilling	tvilling	------	CS *twinlingR
umboðsmaðr	commissary, steward	ombudsman "representative, ombudsman"	ombudsmand "comissioner"; "royal provost" (hist.)	BM ombudsmann, NN ombodsmann "comissioner"; "bailiff" (hist.)	umboðsmaður "representative, solicitor"	CS *umboþsmaþR
unna	love	unna "not begrudge"	unde "not begrudge, give, grant"	unna "not begrudge; wish, grant (arch.)	unna "love, adore"
úsæll	unhappy	usel	usel, ussel	NN ussel	ósæll	*un-sâliR, CS *ûsêlR
vanaligr	customary, usual	vanlig	vanlig	vanlig	vanalegur	*wanalîkaR, CS *wanaligR
vargr	wolf; thief, miscreant, outlaw	varg "wolf"	varg (literary) "wolf; malefactor"	varg "wolf; outlaw"	vargur "wolf; hothead"
vatn	water; lake	vatten	vand	vatn	vatn
vándr	bad, wretched; wicked	ond	ond	ond, vond	vándur	*wânda-, CS *wândR
vár	spring(time)	vår	vår	vår	vor
vitna	testify	vittna	vidne	vitne	vitna	From noun *witania-
væzka	fluid, liquid, moisture, water	vätska	væske	væske	-------	*wâtiskôn
walmogha (OSwed.)	poppy	vallmo	valmue	valmue	-------
þenna	this	denne	denne	denne	-------	*þanhi
þerna	tern	tärna	terne	terne	þerna	*þernôn, CS *þerna
þjórr	bull	tjur	tyr	NN tjor "ox"	þjór "bull, ox"	*þeuraR
þordyn (OSwed.), thordyn (ODan.)	thunder	tordön	torden	torden	-------	*þunaradunja-
þreyttr	exhausted, worn out, tired	trött	træt	trett, trøtt	þreyttur	*þrautiðaR related to verb *þrautjan, CS *þreyttR
þræll	slave, thrall	träl	træl	træl, trell	þræll	CS *þrêll
þungr	heavy	tung	tung	tung	þungur
þúfa	mound, knoll	tuva	tue	tuve, tue	þúfa
þvætta	wash, launder	tvätta	tvætte	tvette, tvætte	þvætta	*þwahtian
þyngd; þyngsl	heaviness, illness, troubles; burden, affliction	tynd "weight, load"	tyngde "heaviness, weight"; tyngsel "burden, weight"	tyngd "heaviness, mass"; BM tyngsel NN tynglse "burden, weight"	þyngd "heaviness, weight; gravity"; þynglsi "burden, weight; torpor"
þyrnir	hawthorn	törne, tjörne (dial.)	tjørn	tyrner (dial.)	þyrnir
örn	eagle	örn	ørn	ørn	örn	*arnuR

The following three paragraphs follow Haugen (1984):

The major part of the vocabulary of Old Scandinavian belongs, not surprisingly, to the common Germanic word-stock. Some words have taken on peculiarly Scandinavian forms, e.g. those nouns formed with the addition of suffix -n in PN e.g. bernu, arnu > ON björn, örn (a side-form of ON ari "eagle" which answers to those in West Germanic which formed nouns from the same Germanic roots (beran, aran) without -n (therefore ber-, ar-)): German Bär, Dutch beer, English bear, Frisian bear; German Aar, Dutch arend, English erne (OE earn "eagle" and Frisian earn being West Germanic exceptions which took the same path as the Proto-Norse forms); ON vatn (cf. German Wasser, Dutch water, English water, Frisian wetter). Another specifically Nordic productive element was *-in, which formed nouns appearing in ON as -i, e.g. adjective glaðr > noun gleði, as well as the suffixing of *-nan to create inchoative verbs from adjectives, e.g. ON blána "turn blue", myrkna "darken", sortna "blacken" (from blár "blue", myrkr "dark, mirky", svartr "black" respectively).  The most common Germanic prefixes fell away in Common Scandinavian and one effect of this was to make some words ambiguous. These were often clarified by the use of adverbial particles, e.g. ON lúka "open, close" is qualified in lúka opp "open up" (cf. OE belûcan "close", onlûcan "open").

In addition to the c. 2,000 simplex words inherited from common Indo-European, it is estimated that c. 1,200 words (mostly nouns) exist in Scandinavian which have no known exact equivalents in West Germanic languages or Gothic (Peter Skautrup, Det danske sprogs historie, 4 vols. København, 1944-70, vol I, p.166). They probably arose during the Viking Age or early Middle Ages. Many can be counted as variants, derivatives or new usages of common Germanic words and a number may be explained by inadequate records from other Old Germanic dialects, but nevertheless we have to reckon with hundreds of words which are Nordic neologisms or else loanwords from sources unparalleled in other Germanic languages. Others probably existed in Common Germanic or had cognates in the oldest stages of West and East Germanic but were in these languages preferred formal variants or synonyms and hence they were outmoded. (Haugen notes that Common Scandinavian chose the -s suffix in Germanic leuhsa "light" (>CSc ljûs > ON ljós) while West Germanic preferred -t (leuta becoming English light, German Licht etc.)). This is just one example of how such seeming differences or else major variant forms could have arisen in preliterate times. 

The arbitrariness of how some words may come to be the standard forms in Scandinavian in contrast to West Germanic is illustrated by the example of words meaning "wood" by Haugen. In Common Scandinavian there were four such words mörk, holt, viþr and skogR. Today these mean respectively "open land" (except in Iceland where mörk still means "forest"), "grove" (cf. lund), "wood" (e.g. Danish ved) and "forest" (mainland skog, Icelandic skógur). Mörk, holt and viþr have cognates in Germanic but skogR stands in uncertain ablaut relation to OE sceaga "thicket". The West Germanic languages' standard term for forest descended from Germanic walþuz (OHG, OS wald, OE weald, German Wald, English weald) which in Common Scandinavian had already come to mean "plain" (cf. ON völlr, Icelandic völlur "plain", Norwegian voll "grassy field, meadow"). It not difficult to see how mörk could evolve in meaning from "forest" to "open land" (OE weald has partly done this to modern wold "open country") in areas where forest clearing occurred but it is much more difficult to explain why the forerunner to völlr has already in Common Scandinavian taken on the latter meaning but has never done so to any great extent in West Germanic.

Notes on the words in the word-list:

aurriði literally "the sand rider", was loaned into MLG as ôre "salmon" (de Vries).

bakki the ME word banke "slope" (> English bank) is presumably from older Danish banke; cf. OE bacca, bacce "ridge" (de Vries). Nielsen considers the form a side-form to Danish banke, with assimilation of -nk- to -kk-, a characteristic of Scandinavian (cf. drikke vs. drink).

bardagi is derived from ON berja "beat, strike" with the addition of suffix -dagi.

beiskr appears as a loan in ME as beggsk (later baiske), and survives in current northern English dialects as bask "very dry, bitter" (Thorsen); cf. Gothic baitrs "bitter".

björn cf. OE bera, OHG bero, MDu bere, German Bär, Dutch beer, Frisian bear "bear"; also OE beorn "warrior, hero, doughty man"; the name in Germanic denoted "the brown" (Nielsen, de Vries); the form in -n is unique to Scandinavian;

blána an inchoate verb formed from ON blár "blue, swarthy, black".

blygð has a relation in OE âblycgan "grow pale; make afraid" (de Vries).

bóndi - borrowed into OE as bônda, bûnda "householder, farmer, freeman" and ME bônde, bûnde "farmer".

brúðhlaup - literally denoted the conveying home of the bride. OE brýdhlôp calques this Norse compound. Related compounds are OFris brölop, OS brûdloht, MLG brûtloft, OHG brûthlauft, MHG brûtlauf (de Vries).

bygð from ON byggja, byggva "settle, inhabit, dwell", (cf. Norwegian bygge "build, dwell, settle down", Swedish bygga "build", Icelandic byggja "build, inhabit"), hence the ME verb biggen and northern dialect big "build, dwell"; cf. also OE býan "stay, dwell, live, inhabit"; byggja stands in uncertain ablaut relation to ON búa "dwell, live" (cf. Norwegian bo, bu "live, dwell") (de Vries).

byrja is etymologically related to Dutch beuren "lift", gebeuren "happen".

dagverðr, dögurðr a Scandinavian neologism (just as breakfast is unique to English), formed from ON dagr "day" and verðr "mealtime, eating" (cf. Nynorsk verd "meal") - the etymology is disputed but links have been made with Gothic wairdus, OE werd, wird, OHG wirt "host, head of the household" (the Scandinavian words identical with these, e.g. värd, værd "host, landlord, innkeeper" are loans from MLG) (de Vries, Nielsen).

dáligr derives from ON dá "powerlessness, trance, faint" (Icelandic dá "coma, unconsciousness", Norwegian Bokmål dåne "faint; fade", Nynorsk dåen "deceased") and is closely related to ON dáinn "deceased", deyja "die" (hence dáinn) the possible source of English die.

dofinn - cf. OFris dof "powerless", Dutch dof "dull, dim"; related to daufr "deaf" (de Vries).

drengr - loaned into OE as dreng "Viking warrior", appearing in ME as dreng, dring "doughty young man".

dróttning - cf. OE dryhten "lord", OS druhtin "lord", OHG truhtîn "lord"; unlike dróttning, words of this root were exclusively masculine and were never extended to denote "queen".

einsligr a compound adjective of the elements ON einn in the genitive case "alone, single" and the adjective forming suffix -ligr (cf. English -ly, -like); the compound is unique to the Nordic languages, cf. German einsam, Dutch eenzaam.

ekki is a compound of eitt (neuter of the numeral einn "one") and the element -gi sometimes added enclictically to nouns or pronouns, often forming negatives (e.g. ON aldrigi, engi, hvergi) (de Vries, Nielsen).

ekkja from the PN form denoting "the lonely, solitary" derived from an adjective corresponding to Old Danish ænkæ "singularly placed", ON einka "individual, separate" (Nielsen).

eldr once had relations in OE æled (poetic), OS êld "fire, flame" and OE âl "fire, burning", ælan "burn"; the root is Indo-European but is not now known in Germanic outside the Scandinavian languages; English dialectal elding "fuel" is a derivative of a Scandinavian loan in eld-;

elfr has relations in MLG elve "riverbed" and MHG Elbe "the Elbe River" (from Germano-Latin Albis); traditionally it is ascribed to Latin albus "white", although other etymologies have been put forward.

elska derived from elskr "beloved, dearly valued" from a Germanic stem; the etymology is uncertain but usually explained in relation to ala (from Indo-European *al- "grow; nourish") and meaning "bring up, raise, rear" > "love" (de Vries, Nielsen).

fátækr from ON fár "few" (cf. mainland Scandinavian få "few", OE fea, OFris fê, OS faho, OHG fao) and tækr "taking" a verbal adjective formed from taka - therefore "he who takes or receives little" (Nielsen, de Vries).

félagi is a late loan into OE as fêolaga and is found in ME forms as felawe, felage; it is a formation from félag "fellowship, partnership" and compounds the elements fé "property, money; cattle" and lag "fellowship".

fjós is earlier fêhûs "sheep-house" (Haugen).

foss is found in ME as fors and continues in northen English dialects as force.

fylki may be the remnant of earlier compounds which had it as a second element, cf. OE gefylce "war band, host"; the related verb fylkja "array, draw up" (Danish, Norwegian fylke, Swedish fylka "array, draw up", Icelandic fylkja "muster a force, marshal") also has a parallel in OE fylcian "marshal"; the derivation ON fylking "battle array; host, legion" (Icelandic fylking "ranks, column") is found in the mainland languages in historical usage as fylking "phalanx"; the root is a formation on ON fólk "people, nation, host"; the modern Scandinavian words (except in the case of the Norwegian fylke) are probably revived from Old Norse and are mainly confined to historical usage;

fær "sheep" from Germanic *fahaz "hide", in ablaut relation to ON fax "mane" and related to older Danish faet "sheep's hide with wool on it", cf. OE f(i)eht, OFris fecht, MDu vacht "fleece, pelt"; cf. the stem form ON fé "livestock, goods, money" (Nynorsk fe, Swedish fä "cattle"; Gothic faíhu, OE fêoh (> fee), OS fehu, OHG feho (> German Vieh)) from Germanic *fehu- "clipped wooly animal, sheep, small livestock" (Nielsen, de Vries).

galinn has relations in OE and OHG galan "to sing"; galinn could also denote "enchanted" (i.e. from song or incantation), usually by malevolent supernatural forces or beings and this sense was connected to the meaning "mad, frantic".

gáta survives in northern English dialect goadick "mystery, riddle, puzzle" (Skeat); the West Germanic equivalent is *râdilsi (< Germanic râdan) (Haugen). cf. German Rätsel, Dutch raadsel "puzzle, riddle, mystery" English riddle (< OE rædels "opinion, counsel; riddle"), OFris riedsal "riddle".

genta according to de Vries is related to Icelandic ganta "tease, mock", Nynorsk gantast "trifle, jest", ON gant "flirtation, dalliance", Danish gantes "flirt"; the word is a -t suffixed formation on ON gana "yawn, gape; stare" (de Vries, Nielsen).

geyja cf. OE gôian "groan" (Haugen).

gleyma is a derivation originally implying "forgetfulness through revelry" from ON glaumr "merriment, revelry, noise", cf. OE glêam (Nielsen).

gluggr related to glögg; cf. also glygg "opening; wind, storm (poet.)", Nynorsk glygge "gap in the cloud cover", i.e. caused by the wind; in ablaut relation to ON glóa "shine, glow" (cf. OE glôwan, OS glôian, OHG gluoen "glow, shine") (Nielsen).

gløggr is related to OE glêaw "keen, wise, prudent" and OS and OHG glau "wise". It was borrowed into English, appearing in ME as gleg and is still found in northen English dialect glegg "clear-sighted, sharp" (de Vries, Thorsen).

gólf provides ME golf "heap of sheafs", modern northern dialect goaf "haystore in a barn"; the etymology is uncertain (de Vries).

grein is found loaned into ME as grayne "twig" and survives in northern dialect grain, also "twig" (Thorsen).

gríð the etymology is disputed - Alf Torp has linked it with Gothic griþs "step, stride" while Wadstein has read *ga-hríð and there a development of hríð "storm; onset"; de Vries likes neither, preferring to associate it with gráðr "greed, hunger" which is at least logical. In this Nielsen agrees, since he links the word with Danish grådig.

gríss was loaned into English, recorded in ME as grîs, now surviving in northern dialect grice (Thorsen).

grön has provided MLG gräne, Dutch green "fir tree"; de Vries considers it the same word as grön "moustache, lip" and related to greni "fir tree, spruce, pine"; the name of the tree stems from its overhang resembling the hair of the upper lip, cf. OHG grana "beard hair"; it is says Nielsen "et spec. nord. navn".

haf has cognates in poetic OE hæf "ocean" and OFris hef, MLG (from which German Haff "lagoon") and MDu haf, from Germanic *hafa- but only now meaning "sea, ocean" in Scandinavian; it is closely related to ON hafn "harbour, haven" and has ousted the simplex form inherited from Indo-European ON marr "sea" in the modern Mainland languages (Latin mare, OHG mari, German Meer, OE and modern English mere, Dutch meer etc.).

hefnd - from the related verb hefna comes the ME verb hevenen "avenge" (de Vries).

hestr has relations in OE hengest "stallion", OFris hengst, hingst and OHG hengist "gelding", German Hengst "stallion".

hitta or a parallel Scandinavian form has given ME hitten, modern English hit.

hlýða provides ME lîðen "listen" and modern dialectal lithe "listen". It is related to OE hlýdan "make a noise" and OS âhlûdian "sound", among others (de Vries) - the West Germanic equivalents denote "make a noise, sound" - cf. ON hljóða "sound", Icelandic hljóða "cry out", Norwegian lyde, ljode "sound", Swedish ljuda "sound, make a noise".

hræddur is found borrowed into ME as red, radd (cf. Norwegian redd) (de Vries).

hræðsla de Vries links the word (and the accompanying verbs hræða "frighten", hræðast "be afraid, fear, dread", cf. Bokmål reddes, Nynorsk reddast "be frightened", Swedish rädas "fear, dread") with ON hraðr "quick" (cf. Nynorsk rad "quick; direct", OE hræðe "quick", > modern rather) and thereto hræddr.

hústrú is a phonological development of older Norse húsfrú, Old Danish and Swedish hûsfrûa (with this process having gone further in the modern mainland languages), after the stress fell on the initial syllables and the long vowels were shortened. The word gradually came to loose its semantic relation to hús "house" + frú "lady, wife" and the orthographic division in the word was lost, resulting in an unknown consonant cluster -sfr- and the subsequent exchange of the offending -f- for a more natural -t- (Nielsen); the word is originally a loan into the Scandinavian languages from MLG hûsvrouwe "house-lady", whose constituents survive identically compounded in Dutch huisvrouw, German Hausfrau.

hvíla "rest, repose" has direct relations in Gothic hveila and West Germanic OE and OS hwîl, OFris hwîle, MDu wijl, German Weile "while, time" (Nielsen, de Vries).

hægri a comparative "the more convenient" from the adjective hægr "easy, convenient" (Icelandic hægur "easy, convenient, possible", Danish hynde "cushion, bolster"), in ablaut relation to hagr "state, condition" (cf. Ice hagur "circumstances"; Danish behag "pleasure, liking" from MLG) (de Vries, Nielsen).

kaka provided ME kake "flat loaf, flat cake", English cake.

kaupang is probably an early loan from West-Germanic, in the which the word no longer exists. Cf. OE cêaping "marketplace" (perhaps loaned into West Scandinavian) and MLG kôpinge "trade centre" (perhaps transmitted via East Scandinavian).

kelda or a corresponding form is the source of English dialectal kelda "spring"; Nielsen assigns it ablaut status in relation to Old Danish kaldær (ON kaldr) "cold", a belief also stated by de Vries, who discusses the word's unclear affinity to Germanic *wellôn (cf. OE wiella) and summises the North Germanic form *kalðiôn has perhaps descended from *kvalðiôn from associations with the forerunner of kaldr. cf. German Quelle "well, spring, source", from a source corresponding to Old Swedish kvild from *kvelði. (Nielsen, de Vries)

kensl a derivation of the verb kenna "know, recognise; feel" (cf. Norwegian kjenne, Swedish känna "know, recognise; feel"; Gothic kannjan "make known", OE cennan "conceive, bring forth, declare", OFris kenna, OHG kennen "recognise", MLG kennen), a causative formed from the preterite of kunna "know, understand" (cf. Norwegian kunne, Swedish kunna, Icelandic kunna "know, know how"; Gothic kunnan, OE cunnan (> Scots. ken), OS, OHG kunnan, German können "know, know how, be able to") (de Vries, Nielsen).

kerling provides modern English carling, carline "fore-and-aft beam in a vessel, used for supporting the deck" (recorded in the 1300s); cf. the cognates and root form ON karl "man", OE ceorl "freeman of the lowest class, husbandman" (> English churl), OHG karl "man, husband" (> German Kerl "chap, fellow"), MLG kerle, Dutch kerel "man, chap", Norwegian kar, Swedish karl "man, chap, fellow".

keyra or a form corresponding to it supplies ME kairen, cairen "go, return", modern dialectal cair "drive" and MLG kören, keren "travel" (de Vries).

kjúklingr - from Germanic *keuka-; West Germanic diminutive *keuk-îna gives MLG kûken, OE cýcen (> chicken) and German Küchlein (Nielsen).

kjöt is found as a loan in ME (ket) and survives in northern dialect ket "carrion" (Thorsen).

knekkja has relations in MLG knacken "bang", Dutch knakken "cleave in twain, break off, crack" (de Vries).

knörr is recorded loaned as cnearr into late OE; cf. Dutch knar "treestump" (de Vries).

kona cf. the related Gothic qinô, OE cwene ("woman, wife; harlot" (> English quean)), OS quena, MLG quene, kone, MHG quene "woman, wife" from Germanic *kwenôn; to Germanic *kwêni- are ascribed Gothic qêns "woman, wife", OS quân "wife", OE cwên "queen; consort, woman", (> English queen), Proto-Norse *kwâni-, ON kván "wife" (Nielsen); (cf. Icelandic kvendi "quean, hussy", kvenast "marry", archaic and poetic kván "woman, wife").

kráka first appears in 1300s ME as crake, identical with the modern word (an alternative derivation is the related ON krákr "raven";

kæti a derivation (just as the accompanying verb kæta "gladden") of the adjective kátr "merry, cheerful" (cf. Swedish kättja "lust", kåt "horny", Danish kåd "cheerful, playful, frisky, gay, wanton", Norwegian BM kjæte "gaiety; wantoness", kåt "frisky, boisterous; horny", NN kåtleik "gaiety") - the etymology is uncertain (de Vries).

logn or a corresponding form is the source of ME lune "calm, still, rest", northern English dialectal lown "calm, still; sheltered" (de Vries); according to Wessén the underlying meaning of the word is "gleaming spot on the water" (therefore implying the water must be reasonably calm), later coming to denote a lull or calm in the wind, something of importance to seafarers.

lundr is still found in northern English dialect lum "grove" (Thorsen).

lúfa cf. Swedish luv "fringe", Norwegian luv "shock of hair".

lykill/nøgel etc. - the exact relations are disputed but the words are related and owe their differences in form to dialect considerations and phonological change.

lykill/nøgel opinion is divided on whether ON lykill or Old Danish nykil, Old Swedish nykil represents the older form, the first may be the case since lykill is only now found at the margins of the North Germanic speaking area. Nor can agreement be found upon the precise nature of the relationship between the l- and n- forms. Nielsen derives nykil from PN *hnukila- (tool naming suffix *ila + ON hnúka "sit cowering") and therefore meaning "bowed tool". Forms with l- are also attested in Old East Scandinavian: Old Danish lykil, løgel, Old Swedish lykil (whose descendants still exist in the dialects). The proto-form here is claimed to be PN *lukila- "locking tool" formed from *lûkan "lock" (cf. OE lûcan "lock, close"). As Nielsen himself puts it "Forholdet mellom de to former er omstridt og uklart" (p.309) and the issue has not been resolved.

lyndi stands in umlaut relation to lund, which in ON meant "mind, temper" (cf. Icelandic lund "temperament", Danish lune "mood, spirits, humour", Norwegian lune "mood, humour") and supplied ME lund "nature, condition" (de Vries).

lyng is found in loaned ME ling, modern northen English dialect ling "heather".

lýti stands in umlaut relation to ON ljótr "ugly, hideous" (cf. NN ljot "ugly, hideous, disagreeable").

læsa stands in umlaut relation to ON láss "lock" from PN *lamsaR (cf. Icelansdic lás "lock", mainland Scandinavian lås "lock"). The corresponding mainland verbs Danish and Norwegian låse, Swedish låsa, have (or had) in Danish dialectal læse and Norwegian alternative form læse, older Swedish läsa, forms which more closely resemble the ON; rounding of the vowel to å is the result of analogy with lås (Old Danish and Swedish las) (de Vries, Nielsen).

lög (or rather the unattested singular *lagu) supplied OE lagu, ME laghe "law" etc. and modern law.

lögmaðr was loaned in MLG as lochman.

maki provided ME loan make "mate, match, spouse" and modern English dialectal maik; it has direct cognates in OE gemæcca "mate, equal, comrade; spouse" (> English match), OS gemako, OHG gimahho (but not a loan from OS as some have supposed), and is related to Germanic *makôn "make, do" (de Vries).

mettr and the modern forms related to it are from a Germanic adjective formed on the forebear of ON matr food, Scandinavian mat, mad (cf. English meat) "food" or formed from the past participle to Germanic *matjan (cf. Icelandic metta "satisfy, satiate", OE mettan "feed") (Nielsen).

mjúkr - gives rise by borrowing to ME mêoc, mêk "meek, mild" and to modern meek.

myrkr cf. identical adjective myrkr from Germanic *merkwia-, (Icelandic merkur "dark, gloomy, obscure", NN myrk, Danish and BM mørk, Swedish mörk "dark, gloomy, mirky" (the modern English word is a loan from Old Scandinavian)) and OE mierce, OS mirki "darkness, murk" (de Vries); the root of the word (just as in morgen "morning") supposes a development of *mer- "flicker, shimmer, glitter" (Nielsen).

mýrr - has given us ME mîre, modern mire; related are OE meos, OHG mios, German mies "lousy, rotten", ON mosi "moss; moorland", Nowegian, Danish mose "bog, marsh; moss", Swedish mossa "moss", MLG and MDu mos "moss") (de Vries); moor is essentially West Germanic (Danish mor, Norwegian mor "humus" are loaned from MLG môr < OS môr, OE môr (> moor), German Moor is a loan from Low German), however it may partly be from a word derived from ON merja "crush" and found as modern Swedish and Norwegian dialect mor "mouldered, crumbled matter", Icelandic mor "peat, mud, sediment" (Nielsen).

mæli stands in umlaut relation to ON mál "language, speech" (cf. Norwegian, Swedish mål "language; dialect", but the word also denotes "suit, action; case, affair" cf. NN mål "errand, matter", OE mæðel "council, meeting, assembly; speech", OS mathal "council, meeting,  assembly; speech", OHG madal "law assembly"); ON mæla "speak" has direct equivalents in OE mælan, maðelian "make a speech", OFris mêlia, Gothic maþljan (de Vries).

náttverðr formed from a compound of ON nátt "night" (but here denoting "evening") and verðr "mealtime, eating" (cf. Nynorsk verd "meal") - the etymology is disputed but links have been made with Gothic wairdus, OE werd, wird, OHG wirt "host, head of the household" (the Scandinavian words identical with these, e.g. värd, værd "host, landlord, innkeeper" are loans from MLG) (de Vries, Nielsen).

níðingr was borrowed into OE (nîðing), and survives in northern dialect nithing "miser".

nökkurr the -n forms in modern NN nokon, BM noen, Danish nogen and Swedish någon stem from the equivalents to the ON accusative singular nökkurn; cf. OE nâthwâ "someone" (lit. "I know not whom") and therefore identical with the Common Scandinavian *ni-veit-ek-hvárir from which the ON form and the others descend, Latin nescio quis "I know not whom" (de Vries).

oddi - English odd is the result of its meaning of "odd number" being loaned from Norse; cf. the related ON oddr "point of a weapon, spear; spur; leader".

orrosta was loaned into late OE (orreste) but did not survive long, appearing only once in ME as orrest.

ostr was loaned into English and survives in northern dialect oast "round soft cheese".

píka may be a loanword from Finnish piika "serving wench" (Nielsen, de Vries).

rannsaka provided ME ransaken, modern ransack; rann "large house" is a purely Norse form but is perhaps related to OE ærn "hall, large house" (de Vries).

rán was loaned into OE as rân "robbery, rapine".

refr is usually explained as "the red animal" the etymology has produced some wildly differing hypotheses, some linking it with Spanish, Portugeuse and Finnish words - all are guesses however; de Vries remarks, probably correctly, "das Wort ist aber nur Skand. bekannt..." (p. 436); Nielsen suggests it may be a word which in pre-literary times ousted the Scandinavian form of fox, since the latter word may have been a taboo word (p. 354); 

reyna has a known early cognate in runic Gothic raunijaR "tester"; cf. the derived noun ON raun "trial, test; experience; proof" (Icelandic raun "trial, experience; distress; truth", Swedish rön "discovery, observation; experience", NN røyna "experiment, trial", røynd "experience, reality" (< ON reynd "experience"), røynsle "experience, fact" and the verbs Swedish röna "meet with, come in for", Norwegian røyne "try, test, experience".

rotinn provided ME with roten, modern English with rotten; rotna is however not the source of English rot which stems the native OE verb rotian "rot, putrefy".

síld has been loaned to several Baltic languages and Russian. Perhaps related is Dutch zeelt "tench" (de Vries); Nielsen relates it to ON síl "sand launce" and suggests an Old Irish cognate; the etymology is disputed;

skegg has a relation in OE sceagga "head-hair" (> modern shag "knotted tangle").

skipti - the corresponding ON verb skipta "divide; distribute; change, shift" was borrowed in the OE period as sciftan (ME skiften "change, move") and retains the Norse form today in dialectal skift "shift, move"; cognates are for example native OE sciftan "divide, arrange" (> modern shift), OFris skifta "decide, determine", MLG schiften, schichten "divide; arrange" (de Vries, Barnhart).

skógr stands in ablaut relation to OE sceaga "copse" (modern dial. shaw). The Norse word is found loaned in ME scôgh, which has given rise to northern dialect skeugh.

*skræma is inferred from ON skræmast "flee, take to flight"; cf. MLG, MDu schromen "fear, be afraid" (de Vries), MDu schremen "scream" (Barnhart); English scream may be from the ON word or from a Low Germanic loan into OE which is not extant.

sól has a forebear in Gothic sugil, while the OE word sôl is certainly influenced by the Norse form (cf. the native poetic OE sigel "sun", which is perhaps not related), note also Latin sol; as de Vries states it: "Die form mit l ist goto-nordisch, und daher nach England gelangt..." (p.529). The characterisic West Germanic form is sunna and is probably a development from the Indo-European form *sauel (de Vries);   

spakr is the origin of ME spac "sober, thoughtful" and modern northern dialect spack "wise". No relations are known in Germanic (de Vries, p. 531).

staðna is a inchoative verb formed from staðinn "stood still, stationary, stopped", the past particple of standa "stand";

stafkarl is a formation of stafr "staff, stick" and karl "fellow, chap" and this compound is obscured by the mutated modern Scandinavian forms;

stórr is the origin of ME stôr, surviving in the northern dialectal adverbs store, stoore "very, much" and has cognates in OFris stor, OS stôri, Dutch stoer "stalwart" (de Vries).

systkin is formed from systir with the Germanic suffixing element of belonging -în (Nielsen); the form systir with a -y- is a Nordic feature;

sæng has a possible Germanic derivation of *sahia-wangiR "rigid grass pillow" (de Vries);

tjörn gave ME terne, tarne and modern dialectal tarn "small lake, pond"; the etymology is disputed but it may have distant relatives with the IE languages;

tupp is a Swedish and Norwegian dialectal only word; Wessén (1985) links it to topp in the sense of "crest, tuft";

tvilling a formation with -ling to forms corresponding to ON tvennr "twofold" (Nielsen);

umboðsmaðr from ON umboð "charge, commission" (< bjóða um "commit to one's charge") and corresponding forms in Old East Norse (Nielsen); English ombudsman is a 20^th century loan from Swedish;

unna has former cognates in OE unnan, OS unnan, OHG unnan "grant, bestow", MDu onnen and Dutch gunnen "grant" (de Vries);

úsæll is the origin of ME usell "wretched, miserable" and northern dialect oozly "slovenly, miserable". Related are OE unsæle "bad", OHG unsalig "unhappy, miserable", Gothic unsêls "bad, poor".

vargr has direct cognates in OE wearg "wolf; outlaw", OS warag "criminal, bandit", OHG warg, as well as the verbs Gothic gawarjan "curse", OE wiergan (through umlaut) "condemn, abuse, curse", wyrgan "strangle" (> modern worry), Dutch worgen "strangle", and a number of others in older Low Germanic languages; it is now a uniquely Nordic word to denote wolf;

vatn is a Scandinavian and Gothic ("goto-nordisch") form (from Germanic *watan-, an -n stem noun relic from an earlier syncopated case form), corresponding to Gotic watô, as opposed to the formally deviating forms of the West Germanic languages (Wasser, water etc. from Germanic variant *watar-); Danish vand was ealier ODan. watn, wadn;

vándr both de Vries and Nielsen connect the root to ON vá "woe, calamity" and perhaps a past participle from a verb formed from vá "blame"; an alternative interpretation points to ON vá "nook, corner" (Nielsen);

væzka is related to vátr "wet", cf. Swedish, Norwegian våt, Danish våd "damp, moist, wet" and OE wæt, OFris wêt "moist, wet".

þjórr is probably an s- lacking cognate (Germanic *þaura-) to OE stêor "steer", Gothic stuir, OHG stior, German Stier, developed from Germanic *steura- and answering to Latin taurus "bull"(de Vries, Nielsen); stjóri is found as a name for an ox in ON;

þordyn, thordyn correspond to the compounding of Old Norse elements Þórr "Thor" (but here referring to thunder) and dynr "din, noise, clattering". In ON and modern Icelandic, the standard terms for "thunder" are þryma and þruma/þruma, the latter standing in umlaut relation to þrymr "din, roar, rumble", with cognates in Latin, Old Irish (de Vries) and OE (þrymme "force, power, might" among other meanings) - Þórr < *Þunnar and dynr stem from the same source.

þreyttr is a past participle to ON þreyta "strive hard" (and corresponding verbs in Old East Norse) that has been made into a common adjective;

þræll gives rise to modern English thrall, first appearing as OE þræl. Related is OHG drigil "servant" (de Vries).

þungr has some relations in Old Slavonic and the Baltic languages but appears to be a unique form within Germanic (de Vries, Nielsen);

þvætta stands in an uncertain relation to ON þvá "wash" (Icelandic þvo, Nynorsk, Swedish två, Danish (arch., literary) to "wash", OE ðwêan, OS thwahan, MDu dwahen, OHG dwahan, MHG dwahen (de Vries). 

þyngd and þyngsl stand in umlaut relation to þungr "heavy".

örn cf. OE earn, MLG arn, MDu aern, OHG arn;

Addendum:

barn is a Germanic word with cognates in OE bearn, OFris. bern, Gothic, OHG, OSax. barn, all meaning "child"; ME barn and northern English dialect and Scots bairn are from the ON and not survivals of the OE word (de Vries).

búa stands in ablaut relation to OSax./OHG bûan “live, occupy, plant”, OE bûan “live, dwell”, German bauen “build” (Nielsen, de Vries, Katlev).

býr originally meant “dwelling”, later coming to mean “farm, village” (Nielsen).

draugr cf. OSax. gidrôg “apparition, vision, illusion”, OHG gitrog, MHG getroc “deception”, MDu. ghedrocht “deception; spectre” (de Vries).

drepa has cognates in MLG drepen, OHG treffan “hit” (German treffen “meet”), OE drepan “beat, hit; slay” (Nielsen).

dýrka has a relation in OE dîeran, dîersian “honour, praise” (de Vries).

fá has cognates in Gothic/OHG fâhan, MHG vâhen, OE fôn, MLG vân, OFris fâ (Nielsen, de Vries).

fjall has a cognate in German Fels “rock, cliff” (< OHG felis) (Nielsen); modern English dialect fell “mountain, hill” is a loan from Norse (de Vries).

forellrar has cognate words in MLG voreldern, German Voreltern “forefathers” (Nielsen).

frá – appears in ME as frâ, frô and modern English to and fro (de Vries).

fræ/frjó – appears in ME fri “seed, descendant; roe”, and modern English fry “roe” (de Vries). The word had a relation in Gothic fraiw (Nielsen).

gamall has cognates in OE gamol, MLG gamel, OHG gamal- “old” and OE gamelian, MLG gamelen “grow old” (de Vries).

gedda appears in ME as gedd(e) and modern English dialect as ged (de Vries).

ger(va) from common Germanic *garwian “prepare”, cf. OE gearwian, gierwan “make ready, prepare”, OHG garawen “make ready, prepare”, Low German gerwen, German gerben “tan”, German adj. gar “done, cooked”; ON gervi “equipment” (Katlev).

gipta derived from gipt, gift “gift, good luck”; cf. OE giftian “to give a woman in marriage”, OHG giften (de Vries).

gæða has cognates in MHG güeten “make good”, OFris gêda, MDu vergoeden “recompense, replace” (Nielsen, de Vries).

hánn (and hón) de Vries reports “Das Wort is nur in Nordgerm. bezeugt.”

haugr cf. OHG houg, MHG houc “hill, mound”, German Hügel (de Vries).

helvíti is a loan from OE hellewîte, OS helliwîti “punishment in the underworld” (de Vries).

henda has relations in OE gehenden “hold”, OFris henda “catch” (de Vries).

herað – etymology is uncertain but the word is “ausschliesslich Skand.” (de Vries).

hos is an unstressed form of hus "house". The word can be considered an East Norse development (Nielsen).

jötunn – cf. OE eoten “giant”.

kasta – modern English cast is loaned from Old Norse.

krefja – cf. OE crafian “demand” (de Vries).

kumbl – cf. OE cum(b)l “standard”, OSax. kumbal, OHG kumpal “sign, mark” (de Vries).

kveld, cf. OE cwildtîd “evening”, OHG quiltiwerc “evening work”, German Kilt “nightly visit to one’s sweetheart” (de Vries, Katlev, Nilelsen).

lágr is loaned into OE as lâh, and appeared in ME as lâh, lâg, giving rise to modern English low. It had relations in OFris lêch, MLG lêge, MDu lage, laech, lege, leech (de Vries).

leir – apparently related to ON lím “lime, mortar” (de Vries).

loðinn has relations in Gothic liudan, OE lêodan, OS liodan and OHG liotan “grow” (de Vries).

læknir has etymologically related near-equivalents in Gothic lêkeis, OS lâki, OHG lâchi, OE læce “leech; doctor”, modern English leech. Leech has been replaced by doctor in English. Cf. also MHG lâchenære; related is OHG lâchin “health”, MHG lâchenîe “consultation; witchcraft”. The root is ultimately a common Germanic word meaning “conjurer, physician” (Nielsen).

máki is based on a common Germanic word, *mâwa meaning "shrieking bird", cf. Germanic *mâwan "shriek, cry". The first element is ON már "sea-mew". German Möwe and Dutch meeuw are related words, cf. OHG mâwen "cry, scream". Cf. also Swedish, and dialectal Norwegian, mås(e), which comes from the same root (Katlev, Wessén).

minni has a common Germanic (and ultimately IE) root, cf. OE gemynd “mind, memory, memorial”, modern English mind, Gothic gamunds “memory” (Katlev, Nielsen). 

mykr – English muck is a loan from Scandinavian.

nábúi shows related developments in OE neahgebûr (modern neighbour), MLG nâber, OHG nâhgibûr, except in the Nordic word the second element is Old Norse bú “dwelling, household”, cf. OE bû, German Bau, rather than “farmer” (Nielsen).

ok has relations in OS ôk, OHG ouh (German auch), OE êac “also” and OE ac “but”. It appears in ME as occ “and” (Nielsen, de Vries).

sannr, cf. OE/OSax. sôð “true” (modern English sooth), OHG sant (de Vries, Katlev, Nielsen).

sem has relations in OE same, OS sama, samo and OHG sama “as well” (de Vries).

skeið is loaned into OE as scægð, sceið (de Vries).

ský appears in ME as skîe, giving rise to modern sky. OE scêo “cloud” is related (de Vries).

smjör – cf. OSax./OHG smero “fat, tallow”, OE smeoru “fat, grease” (modern smear), German dial. Schmer “pork fat” (de Vries,  Nielsen).

spyrja cf. MLG/MDu. sporen, OHG spurian, spurren “follow a track/trace, go to see, find out”, German spüren “track; notice, perceive”, OE spyrian “track, investigate; enquire after” (Nielsen).

steði – modern English stith, stithy are descended from Norse loans (de Vries).

steik – modern English steak is a loan from Scandinavian and appears in ME as steik (de Vries).

styggr – cf. Dutch stug “stiff, obstreperous”, MDu. stugge “unfriendly, curt” (de Vries, Katlev, Nielsen).

taka – cf. MDu. tâken “grip, seize, take”, Gothic têkan “take”; ME taken, Modern English take are loaned from Norse (de Vries).

trúa – cf. Gothic trauan, OSax. trûôn, OHG trûwên, German trauen “trust”, OE trûwian “trust (in), confide” (de Vries, Nielsen).

vitna has a related word in OE gewitnian “punish” (de Vries).

þerna – modern English tern is a loanword from Scandinavian.

þúfa has relations in OE ðûf “deciduous tuft”, ðýfel “bush, brush” (de Vries).

þyrnir – cf. OE weak noun ðyrne “thornbush” (de Vries).

*Sources:

Barnhart, Robert, K.: Chambers Dictionary of English Etymology, Chambers Harrap Publishers, Edinburgh, 1999;

Barðdal, J./Jörgensen, N./Larsen, G. & Martinussen, B.: Nordiska: Våra Språk förr och nu, Studentlitteratur, Lund, 1997;
Bergman, Gösta: Kortfattad Svensk Språkhistoria, Stockholm, 1970;

Bjorvand, Harald & Lindeman, Frederik Otto: Våre Arveord. Etymologisk Ordbok. Oslo: Novus Forlag, 2000.

Böðvarsson, Árni: Íslensk Orðabók, Menningarsjóður/Mál og Menning, Reykjavík, 1996;

Clark-Hall, J.R.: A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, University of Toronto Press, London, 1991;

Collins English Dictionary (Millennium Edition), HarperCollins Publishers, Glasgow, 1998;

"Danish" by Hartmut Haberland. In: König, E. & van der Auwera, J. (eds.): The Germanic Languages. London: Routledge, 1994. pp.313-48;

Haugen, Einar: Die skandinavischen Sprachen. Eine Einführung in ihre Geschichte. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag, 1984.

Haugen, Einar: The Scandinavian Languages: An Introduction to their History, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard U.P., 1976;
Haugen, Einar: Norsk-engelsk Ordbok, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1993;

Heggstad, Leiv, Hødnebø, Finn & Simensen, Erik: Norrøn Ordbok, Det Norske Samlaget, Oslo, 1997;

Hutterer, Claus Jürgen: Die germanischen Sprachen: Ihre Geschichte in Grundzügen. Budapest: Akademiai Kiadó, 1975;

Karker, Allan: Politikens Sproghistorie. Udviklingslinjer før nudansk, Politikens Forlag, Århus, 1996;

Katlev, Jan: Politikens Etymologisk Ordbog, Politikens Forlag, København, 2000;

"Old and Middle Scandinavian" by Jan Terje Faarlund. In: König, E. & van der Auwera, J. (eds.): The Germanic Languages. London: Routledge, 1994. pp.38-71;

Landrø, M.I. & Wangensteen, B. (red.): Bokmålsordboka. Definisjons- og rettskrivningsordbok, Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, 1996;

Magnússon, Haraldur: Íslensk-dönsk Orðabók, Mál og Menning, Reykjavík, 1997;

Nielsen, Niels Åge: Dansk Etymologisk Ordbog, København: Gyldendal, 1989;

Norsteds stora svensk-engelska ordbok, Norstedts Förlag AB, Stockholm, 1993;

Serjeantson, M.S.: A History of Foreign Words in English, London, 1935; (ch.4 "The Scandinavian Element");

Skautrup, Peter: Det danske sprogs historie, 4 vols. København, 1944-70;

Skeat, Walter W.: English Dialects from the Eighth Century until the Present Day, Cambridge University Press, 1912;

The Oxford-Duden German Dictionary. German<>English. Oxford U.P. & Dudenverlag, 1994;

Thorsen, Per: An Inquiry into the Scandinavian Elements in the Modern English Dialects (part I of the series "Anglo-Norse Studies"), Amsterdam: N.V. Swets en Zeitlinger, 1936;
Torp, Arne: Nordisk språk i nordisk og germansk perspektiv, Oslo: Novus Forlag, 1998;

Vinterberg, H. & Bodelsen, C.A.: Dansk-engelsk ordbog, (Gyldendals store røde ordbøger), Gyldendals, København, 1990;

de Vries, Jan: Altnordisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch. Zweite verbesserte Auflage. Leiden: Brill, 2000;

Wessén, Elias: De nordiska språken, 6:e uppl. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1960;

Wessén, Elias: Våra ord, deras uttal och ursprung, Esselte Studium, Uppsala, 1985;

Zoëga, Geir T.: A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, London: Oxford University Press, 1961.

© Edward Smith 2012

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